Prof. Waller
Hastings
Northern State University
Aberdeen, SD 57401
The Dancing Water, the Singing
Apple, and the Talking Bird
This Italian folk tale (AT type 707) is a good example of the kind of complex
narrative that may be created by combining various common motifs, and shows
distinct signs of its oral origin - e.g., in the threefold repetitions.
Stith Thompson says at least 50 versions are known from India, and it is
popular in Europe, Asia, and the New World.
Motifs:
-
Boastful dispute: “what I would
do if I were married to a member of the court.”
-
Bride test (on the two older sisters).
Note their tasks are appropriate to their prospective husbands – serving
water/butler, sewing clothes/wardrobe master. In passing the bride
tests, they fulfill their boasts. Furthermore, their passing the
bride tests provides a warrant for their younger sister, who must marry
the king before she can fulfill her boast - and who faces
a much more severe penalty (death) if she fails. Bride tests also
appear in spinning tales such as "Rumpelstiltskin" (spinning straw into
goal) and cognate tales from other cultures.
-
Special children marked by a physical
sign (apples in boys’ hands, star on girl’s brow).
-
Abduction/abandonment of the children/substitution
by beasts (puppies). Child abandonment also occurs, most famously,
in "Hansel and Gretel" and in the ballad of "The
Babes in the Wood," which was extremely well known during the 18th and
19th centuries.
-
Fairy gifts:
-
A deer to nurse them (this seems
pretty unique, but see next item)
-
A purse which is always full of
money
-
A ring that indicates misfortune
has occurred to loved ones (see, e.g., "Beauty
and the Beast")
-
Children reared by animals.
(See the Roman myth of Romulus and Remus, the story of Mowgli in Kipling's
The Jungle Book, etc.)
-
Children mature unusually rapidly.
(This is a component of many American tall tales and legends, such as the
story of John Henry.)
-
Jealous sisters create desire
(sense of lack) in favored sister. (Again, we see this in some versions
of "Beauty and the Beast.")
-
Magic helpers (fairies/hermits).
-
Enchanted castle guarded by magic
creatures.
-
Prohibition (don’t make a mistake
in following instructions to enter castle; don’t answer the bird).
-
Transformation: men into statues
(here as punishment for violating prohibition).
-
Recognition through dinner, signs.
(Most famously in the "Cinderella" stories.)
Threefold repetitions:
-
Three daughters of the herb-gatherer
(the youngest makes the most advantageous marriage, to the king);
-
Three children of the youngest
sister (two boys, one girl; the youngest, the girl, succeeds in the quest
when her two brothers fail);
-
Three fairies, granting three
gifts;
-
Three quests (unusually, the eldest
brother succeeds in the first two quests – it is only on the third quest
that he, and then his brother, fails by violating the prohibition);
-
Three hermits (the three fairies
in disguise).
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Tale Page
This
page last updated on June 18, 2003.