FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE
 
POTENTIAL ID'S:
 
CONSTANTINE, CONSTANTINOPLE, JUSTINIAN, THEODORA, BASIL THE BULGAR SLAYER, CHRISTOLOGICAL CONTROVERSIES, ICONOCLASM
 
MUHAMMAD, KHADIJAH, MECCA, MEDINA, KORAN, FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM, SHAHADA, MOSQUE, HAJ, RAMADAN, JIHAD
 
GREGORY THE GREAT, BENEDICTINES, CHARLEMAGNE, FEUDALISM, CRUSADES, SONG OF ROLAND, LANCELOT, ROMANESQUE, GOTHIC, ANSELM, ABELARD, AQUINAS, ST. FRANCIS
 
BLACK DEATH, HUNDRED YEARS' WAR, JACQUERIE, BABYLONIAN CAPTIVITY OF THE PAPACY, GREAT SCHISM
 
BOCCACCIO, PICO DELLA MIRANDOLA, MACHIAVELLI, BOTTICELLI, DA VINCI, DONATELLO, RAPHAEL, MICHELANGELO, WYCLIF, HUSS, SAVANAROLA
 
LUTHER, ZWINGLI, CALVIN, JESUITS, ANABAPTISTS, BRETHREN OF THE COMMON LIFE, ERASMUS, MORE, ANGLICANS
 
POTENTIAL ESSAY QUESTIONS:
 
A.  Christianity gave the Roman Empire a new lease on life.  Particularly in the east, the Christianized Roman Empire, what we usually call the Byzantine Empire, remained successful for centuries.  However, the Byzantine Empire was not quite as Christian as it might have been, nor was Christianity always as helpful as it might have been.  Comment.
 
B.  Muhammad would at first seem an insignificant historical figure, but he turned the Arabs into a force to be reckoned with and created one of the most compelling and attractive of all religions, Islam.  Comment.
 
C. European society in the Early and High Middle Ages did an excellent job providing physical security, ethical guidance, and emotional fulfillment for its members.  Comment.
 
D.  In the 14th century, a series of calamities shook the medieval world to its foundations.  Discuss these disasters and note the effect each had on political, economic, and/or social conditions in Europe.
 
E.  The Renaissance was a period of tremendous achievement in all sorts of areas: in the arts, in literature, and, to a certain extent, in spiritual life as well.  Comment.
 
F.  In 16th century Europe, reformers of various types tried to correct the many abuses they saw in their society, trying especially to reform the church.  Unfortunately, their attempts at reform sometimes only increased the turmoil of this century. The events of the Reformation period have important lessons for anyone who wants change society—suggesting that there is a right way and a wrong way to work for societal change.  Comment.