Partly revised and edited
[10/3/07], but I think you will find more helpful the linked material
on the Baroque
Art and Music lecture outline.
Baroque Art, Music, and Literature
Generalization: The great Baroque artists did an excellent job helping
people
find order and assurance amid the chaos of the 17th century. Comment.
Italian painter who helped develop the Baroque style with its strong
lighting and dramatic themes. The filmstrip emphasized religious
works included The Calling of St. Matthew
and several martyrdom stories. Caravaggio's work would certainly
have helped out in an era of growing religious doubts. His
religious paintings help make the Bible come alive. The calling
of St. Matthew seems to stress that even the most unlikely sort of
person (a tax collector in this case) might be called to God's
service. The martyrdom scenes might have encouraged those who
were persecuted to stand fast in their faith.
Italian composer, a pioneer in the field of opera. The filmstrip
stressed L'Orfeo, an opera that tells the story of Orpheus and
Eurydice. Operatic works deal with the big issues of life,
and this particular opera might have been well suited to those like
Orpheus who had lost loved ones. Opera also provides a lavish
spectacle, and operatic entertainments would have had a tendency to
reinforce the prestige/solidarity of the opera-going nobles.
Painter from the Spanish Netherlands (today's Belgium) who studied in
Italy and whose work led to the spread of the Baroque style beyond
italy. Rubens did religious paintings similar in impact to those
of Caravaggio, i.e., they would have helped the Bible "come
alive." Rubens also did secular works. The filmstrip talked
of his "hearty, full-blooded attitude toward life." Rubens is a
generally optimistic painter, affirming life's goodness. He is
also important for his work for Marie de' Medici. His paintings
of scenes from her life show her accompanied by gods and angels.
Such works would have helped prepare the way for the acceptance of
stronger royal authority, perhaps even the absolute monarchy that Louis
XIV would establish.
Italian sculptor and friend of Pope Urban VIII. The filmstrip
empasized his "David" and his work on St.
Peter's. The first shows David, having cast aside
Saul's armor, flinging a stone at David. It's impressive for it's
ability to "capture the action" and for it's dramatic qualities.
With determination and God's help, you can lick any giant that comes
along.
The decorations for St. Peter's are important because of the way the
enhance papal prestige. The Pope claims authority as the "vicar
of St. Peter." Catholics argue that Jesus gave authority over the
earthly church to the apostles, and particularly to Peter. Peter
was given the "keys" so that whatever he bound on earth was bound in
heaven and whatever he loosed on earth was loosed in heaven.
Where did this authority over the earthly church go when Peter and the
other apostles died? Catholics argue it went to the bishops of
the churches founded by the apostles, and particularly to Peter's
successor as the bishop of Rome, the Pope. That idea had been
accepted in Europe for a long, long time, but the Reformation (and the
poor character of some of the Renaissance popes) had greatly reduced
papal prestige. At a time when the papal image badly needed
rebuilding, Bernini's work emphasized the basics of the Pope's claim to
power. A 90 foot high bronze canopy over the tomb of Peter and a
splended setting for a wooden chair thought to have belonged to Peter
help. Likewise helpful are the monuments to past popes, as is the
impressive colonnade Bernini designed for the approach to St.
Peter's.
Italian violinist and composer, a pioneer of the Baroque style in
music. Corelli's violin performances featured much
improvisation--but improvisation within strict rules.
Perhaps this gives the listener that, beyond the complexity and
tension of life is an underlying order, just as in Baroque music
complexity and tension are contained within a larger sense of
order. Corelli likewise helped develop the concerto grosso format
where solo instruments "compete" with the whole orchestra.
The fact that eventually the tension/complexity eventually resolve may
help explain why such music has a postive affect on us. A sense
of order and assurance for the listener? Perhaps.
Dutch painter working in the Baroque style. Rembrandt does many
religious works: another of these artists who helps the Bible come
alive. Particularly touching is his portrayal of the Prodigal
Son, a great painting especially for those who sense a need for
forgiveness--or perhaps to do some forgiving themselves!
Rembrandt's work featured members of the rising middle class, and would
have supported the general political direction of Holand: away from
noble control and toward a "bourgeoise"-dominated government. The
filmstrip also empasized Rembrandt's portraits, especially his many
self-portraits.
German musician and (extraordinarily prolific!) composer. Among
other things, Bach did lots of religious music, at one point writing a
new contata every week for church performance. His "St. Matthew
Passion" is a good example of what music does for order and
assurance. The filmstrip compares this to Rembrandt's etchings:
the music help makes the Bible come alive.
Also a German composer, but lived much of his life in
England. The filmstrip empasized his operas (a German composer
writing operas sung in Italian for an English audience). The
operas featured arias, a character "caught in the grip of a single
emotion." Later, Handel shifted to the oratoria, a form similar
to that of the operas but on sacred themes and sung in English.
The filmstrip mentioned Esther and Samson as Handel oratorios, but
focused most on Handel's most famous oratorio, the Messiah.
Handel puts to music scriptures from the Old and New Testaments, and
there's clearly a strong emotional appeal in this work. If Pascal
is right in saying our problems are in our heart rather than our
head, then it's obvious that this kind of thing is very important
in an era of growing religious doubts. "King
of king, and Lord of Lords, and He shall reign forever and
ever...."