Instrumentation Tips	Instrument Items   William Wieland
1. Ask an instrumentalist to perform your music and offer you advice. 2. Stay on the staff, i.e. avoid ledger lines. Most musicians are the most agile and produce the best tone on the staff. Flute and tuba are exceptions. 3. All woodwinds are written in the treble clef except the bassoons.

Strings - arco - pizzicato - mute, con sordino   or senza sordino - double stops - harmonics

Violin

Viola

Cello - viola notes P8 down

Bass - violin notes upside down - sounds P8 down

Flute - Can play very high (3+ ledger lines) - Requires much air (rests/dovetailing) - Very agile (rapid passages/large leaps) - Essentially 2 registers (soft low)	Piccolo - Sounds a P8 up
Oboe - Can play high (2 ledger lines) - Requires little air (rests) - Loud low - Excellent staccato	English Horn (in F)
Clarinet (in B flat and A) - Can play high and low (3 ledger lines) - 3 registers   · clarino or clarion   · throat tones   · chalumeau - Amazing dynamic range (ppp to fff)	Bass Clarinet (in B flat) - Sounds a M2 + P8 down like the tenor sax
Bassoon - Can play high and low (2 ledger lines) - Bass clef (only woodwind) - Loud low	Contrabassoon - Sounds a P8 down like the string bass
Saxophone - Can play quite high (3 ledger lines) - Loud low - Amazing dynamic range	Soprano in B flat Alto in E flat Tenor in B flat (sounds M2 + P8 down) Baritone in E flat (sounds M6 + P8 down)
Horn (in F) - Treble clef - Less agile than a trumpet - Soft low
Trumpet (in B flat or C) - Treble clef - Most agile brass instrument - Mutes   · Straight   · Cup   · Harmon (with or without the stem)
Trombone - Bass clef - Can play high (2+ ledger lines) - Pedal tones - Not agile low
Tuba - Bass clef - Can play very, very low (4+ ledger lines) - Requires much air - Agile!